Determinants of disordered eating behaviors: Body mass index, emotional eating, dietary restriction, and motives for eating palatable foods / Determinantes de comportamentos alimentares desordenados: índice de massa corporal, alimentação emocional, restrição alimentar e motivos para comer alimentos palatáveis

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationships between body mass index, reasons for consuming palatable foods, emotional eating, cognitive dietary restraint, and disordered eating behaviors in young adults. Methods: This study was conducted with 800 young adults, in Ankara, Türkiye. A questionnaire consisting of questions about socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and instruments including Eating Attitudes Test-26, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, Palatable Eating Motives Scale, and The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire were applied through face-to-face interviews. Results: According to the Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17.2% of males and 27.7% of females were at risk for disordered eating behaviors (χ2=9.750, p=0.002). The mean scores of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, cognitive restraint subscales, and the positive and negative scores of the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire were higher in males than in females (p<0.05). The mean scores of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale-coping and reward enhancement motives were higher in females, while the mean score for the conformity motives was significantly higher in males. Body mass index, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-cognitive restraint subscale, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negative, and PEMS-conformity motives were found for predictors for Eating Attitudes Test-26 (all p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed a high tendency for emotional eating, consumption of palatable foods, and cognitive dietary restraint in young adults, and these factors were considered determinants for eating disorders.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as relações entre o índice de massa corporal, as razões para consumir alimentos palatáveis, o comer emocional, a restrição alimentar cognitiva e os comportamentos de desordem alimentar em jovens adultos. Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado com 800 jovens adultos, em Ancara, na Turquia. Foi aplicado um questionário composto por perguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, estado de saúde e instrumentos, incluindo o Eating Attitudes Test-26, o Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, a Palatable Eating Motives Scale e o The Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire, através de entrevistas presenciais. Resultados: De acordo com o Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17,2% dos homens e 27,7% das mulheres estavam em risco de desenvolver comportamentos alimentares desordenados (χ2=9,750, p=0,002). As pontuações médias do Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, as subescalas de restrição cognitiva e as pontuações positivas e negativas do Emotional Appetite Questionnaire foram mais elevadas no sexo masculino do que no feminino (p<0,05). As pontuações médias da Palatable Eating Motives Scale - motivos de coping e de aumento da recompensa - foram mais elevadas no sexo feminino, enquanto a pontuação média para os motivos de conformidade foi significativamente mais elevada no sexo masculino. O índice de massa corporal, o Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire-subescala de contenção cognitiva, o Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negativo e o PEMS-motores de conformidade foram encontrados como preditores do Eating Attitudes Test-26 (todos p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram uma elevada tendência para a alimentação emocional, o consumo de alimentos palatáveis e a restrição alimentar cognitiva em adultos jovens, sendo estes factores considerados determinantes para as perturbações alimentares.

Parent Involvement Intervention in Developing Weight Management Skills for both Parents and Overweight/Obese Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate a parent involvement intervention for childhood obesity intended to increase parents' skills in managing children's weight-related behavior and to improve child-parent relationships. Many studies reported on parental influence on childhood obesity, emphasizing parent involvement in prevention and management of childhood obesity. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty-two parents of overweight/obese children were recruited from four cities and randomized to the experimental group or control group. The parental intervention was provided only to parents in the experimental group and consisted of weekly news-letters and text messages for a period of 5 weeks. Exercise classes and nutrition education were provided to all children. Lifestyle Behaviour Checklist and the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) were used for measurement of parent outcome. For the child outcome, dietary self-efficacy, exercise frequency, and body mass index were measured. A mixed-design analysis of variance was performed with city location entered as a random effect. RESULTS: After the intervention, CPRS of parents and dietary self-efficacy of children showed an increase in the experimental group (p < .05). Intervention effects differed significantly according to the city location regarding the control efficacy of parents and dietary self-efficacy of children (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the effectiveness of the parent involvement intervention in promoting child-parent relationship and dietary self-efficacy of children. However, a 5-week parent involvement intervention was not sufficient to produce significant changes in children's body mass index. Further research is needed to investigate effects of parent involvement intervention with long-term evaluation.

Problemas de adherencia a dietoterapia en pacientes hipertensos pehuenches / Problems of adherence to diet therapy in hypertensive pehuenche patients

Background: Hypertension is a disease with a high national prevalence which increases in sectors where there are indigenous populations. The complexity of the disease lies in the behavior that must be maintained to effectively adhere to medication and diet therapy. Objective: To understand the cultural factors that are associated with problems of adherence to diet therapy in hypertensive pehuenches. Methods: Qualitative study in hypertensive patients who do not adhere to diet therapy. We interviewed 42 individuals in the municipality of Alto Bio Bio for 6 months, analyzing them using semantic structural analysis completed with the saturation point of speech. Results: Discourse analysis showed the following results: a) ethnic foods have a symbolic value, b) ethnic foods are described as "natural" in opposition to any food that does not occur in their environment, although they are based in a high consumption of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, c) nonexistent biochemical properties ascribed to ethnic foods justify their use. Conclusion: there are cultural differences between the prescription of the nutritionist and the eating behavior of pehuenches, which affect non-compliance with diet and disease complications.

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es una patología con una alta prevalencia nacional que aumenta en sectores con poblaciones indígenas. La complejidad de la enfermedad radica en la conducta que se debe mantener para adherir eficazmente al tratamiento farmacológico y dietoterápico. Objetivo: Comprender los factores culturales que se asocian a los problemas de adherencia a la dietoterapia en pacientes hipertensos pehuenches. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, en pacientes hiper-tensos pehuenches que no adhieren a Dietoterapias. Se entrevistó a 42 pehuenches de la Comuna de Alto Bio Bío durante 6 meses. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante análisis semántico estructural. La muestra se logró mediante el punto de saturación. Resultados: El análisis de discurso arroja los siguientes resultados: a) los alimentos étnicos tienen un valor simbólico b) los alimentos étnicos son calificados como "naturales" en contraposición a cualquier alimento que no se produzca en su medio, aunque se basan en un alto consumo de grasas, proteínas y carbohidratos, c) a los alimentos étnicos se les atribuye propiedades bioquímicas inexistentes con los cuales se justifica su consumo. Conclusión: Existen diferencias culturales entre la prescripción del nutricionista y lo realizado por pehuenches que inciden en el no cumplimiento de la dietoterapia y complicación de la enfermedad.

Interpretación de los conocimientos que influyen en la adherencia a la dietoterapia en adultos mayores con diabetes tipo 2 de una comuna rural / Interpretation of the knowledge about type 2 diabetes and compliance to dietotherapy among elderly living in rural areas suffering from this disease

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the country. Among the strategies for its treatment is education, a tool presented by the health team to modify risky behavior on these people, providing users information and some strategies for their self care. The objective of this study was to analyze the different factors associated to the knowledge of the pathology that influences the compliance to diet therapy treatment among elderly suffering from type 2 diabetes, who are regularly checked by a nutritionist in Yumbel’s Health Public System. Through a qualitative phenomenological-type study, a semi-structured interview was carried out to 14 people in standard conditions assessing the knowledge about the pathology in terms of the consequences and the treatment to follow. However, the knowledge does not determine whether people will choose to follow diet therapy, with the exception of people with knowledge of the consequences of the disease. In the final analysis, the knowledge of the pathology does not induce the majority of the elderly from rural areas to follow diet therapy.

La Diabetes tipo 2 es una de las enfermedades crónicas de gran prevalencia en el país. Entre las estrategias para su tratamiento se encuentra la educación, como herramienta que presenta el equipo de salud para modificar conductas de riesgo en estas personas, entregando a los usuarios conocimientos y otras estrategias para su autocuidado. El objetivo del estudio fue interpretar los factores asociados a los conocimientos que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento dietoterapéutico en adultos mayores con Diabetes tipo 2 controlados por nutricionista en la Atención Primaria de Salud de la comuna de Yumbel. A través de un estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico, se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 14 usuarios en condiciones estándar, obteniendo como resultado la presencia de conocimientos de su patología, referido a las consecuencias y los tratamientos a realizar. Sin embargo, estos conocimientos no determinan un alto nivel de adherencia a la dietoterapia, excepto en el caso de presentar algún tipo de secuela. Por lo tanto, se concluye que los conocimientos de la patología no favorecen una mayor adherencia a la dietoterapia por parte de adultos mayores de una zona rural del país.